41. MODAL VERBS

Kata kerja yang termasuk MODAL adalah :

CAN-     COULD    = dapatkah (informal)
WILL-    WOULD   = sudikah   (formal)
SHALL- SHOULD = haruskah  (halus)
MAY-      MIGHT    = bolehkah/mungkinkah
MUST-     MUST     = haruskah
TO DO/DOES-   DID -   DONE

Semua kata kerja tersebut di atas harus diikuti Kata kerja pertama(V1/ present)

CONTOH :

We must study hard
You can go home now

40. PENGGUNAAN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES =WHO, WHOSE,WHOM, WHICH, THAT

Semua berarti 'yang'

WHO : Digunakan sebelum kata kerja dan bicara tentang manusia/orang . Contoh:
            The girl who wears the T skhirt is my sister ( V = wears dan bicara manusia)
WHOSE : Digunakan sebelum kata benda Contoh : The cat whose tail long is mine                                              (tail =kata benda)
WHOM : Digunakan sebelum kata ganti. Contoh : The man whom I met yesterday is my teacher ( I=                  kata ganti )
WHICH  Digunakan sebelum kata kerja tapi yang dibicarakan bukan orang . Contoh : The car which                  uses spotlight lamp is mine (uses kata kerja tapi yang dibicarakan adalah tyentang mobil                       jadi tidak memakai who namun which
 THAT    : digunakan untuk semuan baik sebelum kata kerja, kata benda maupun kata sifat dan untuk                   apapun yang artinya 'yang' namun untuk pembicaraan informal.
   WHERE : Menyatakan tempat
WHEN : menyatakan waktu
WHY : Menyatakan sebab
WHAT : menyatakan suatu hal

39. KATA KETERANGAN DAN KATA GANTI ORANG (PRONOUN)

38 . KATA KERJA, BENDA DAN SIFAT

CONTOH:  

                   

37.PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

FUNGSI NYA :

1.       Menerangkan peristiwa yg baru saja terjadi    contoh: 

The students have just done a test.

Para siswa baru saja mengerjakan tes

2.       Menerangkan peristiwa di waktu lampau yg sudah pernah dilakukan  tapi waktunya tidak tentu

Contoh: Rina has watched the movie

                Rina sudah pernah nonton film

Rumus:   S + have/has + v3                         utk kalimat +

                S + have/has NOT + v3                   utk kalimat –

                Have/Has + S + V3  ?                       utk kalimat ?

CONTOH: We have tried to open the door many times.

                      S +HAVE+V3

                She has not come yet ( utk yg kalimat negatif biasanya pakai YET)

                S   +has not+v3

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                9

                Have   you  already  eaten the breakfast? ( biasanya pola present perfect sering menggunakan JUST atau ALREADY)

                Have + S    + V3

                Baby has just got a new motorcycle as her birthday gift 

                S      +  has    + v3

36.KALIMAT PASIF ( PASIVE VOICE)

35. QUESTION TAG

Yaitu pertanyaan yang menegaskan pernyataan sebelumnya.

Jika diartikan dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah: IYA KAN? BUKAN BEGITU?

Contoh:

1.       He is hungry, ins’t he?

2.       You are students, aren’t you?

3.       She doesn’t study Chemistry,  Does she?

4.       I called you last night. didn’t I?

5.       Miss. Lucy can’t tell about it. Can she?

Note:    Apabila pernyataan nya adalah kalimat positif maka question tag nya negatif (lihat no 1 dan 2)

                Apabila pernyataan nya adalah kalimat negatif maka question tag nya positif (lihat no 3 -5)

34.FUTURE TENSE ( MASA YANG AKAN DATANG)

Ini adalah pola kalimat yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kegiatan yang akan dilakukan nanti (di masa yang akan datang)
Rumus : S + WILL + V1
           

ATAU   S + To Be + GOING TO + V1


CONTOH: Sinta will go to Malang as soon as possible.
He will not do his homework tonight
I am going to have a test tomorrow at 8 o’clock.
We are not going to eat dinner on time tonight.

33. . PENGGUNAAN “ USED TO”

Kata “ USED TO” di pakai untuk mengungkapkan kebiasaan yang selalu dilakukan pada waktu lampau( dulu kala) namun pada saat sekarang sudah tidak pernah dilakukan lagi.

CONTOH:

When I was a child I used to climb the mango tree in front of my grandfather’s house.

Lidya used to play tennis, but she stop doing that after broking her arms.

32. GERUND ( VERB + ING)

Kata- kata berikut ini harus diikuti gerund:

a.       Preposition yaitu for, before, after, from, in, on,   contoh: you must lock the door after closing it.

b.      Stop, try, begin, mind, prefer, finish, avoid, continue, enjoy, forget, like, dislike, love, keep, remember, etc.

Contoh: My father told me to stop doing bad habbits.

                I always remember having sweet memories with him.

                She forgets bringing the calculator for the mathematic class.

31. PERINTAH (COMMAND) dan LARANGAN ( PROHIBITION)

30 .. KEMUNGKINAN (POSSIBILITY)

                  ASKING POSSIBILITY EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY

a.       Is it possible that we win?                                            * I think it is impossible

b.      Is there any possibility to get 9 score?                    * Yes, There is possible

c.       Is there a chance for us to join the game?            * Sure, there is a chance

d.      May it rain in the afternoon?                                      * I guess so

e.      Might Rika finish doing the test?                               * yes, Perhaps she does

f.        Is there any probability for me to meet you?      *Probably, yes

29 . PERASAAN ( FEELING)

Mengungkapkan perasaan biasanya dengan kata kata sifat berikut ini:rumus  

  S + TO BE + Kata sifat ( biasanya ditambahi –ed)

                                                                                                                                            

Contoh : I have no breakfast, I am hungry

                          She ran fast, then she felt exhausted

Sering didahului dengan kata kerja : feel atau felt

28. PILIHAN TINDAKAN ( PREFERENCE)

27.. IF CLAUSE / CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

    Type1: If I pass the exam ,                     I will find a job soon.

    Type2: If I passed the exam ,                                I would find a job soon

Fact: ( I don’t pass the exam )

    Type3: If I had passed the exam last year       I would have found a job soon

Fact: ( I didn’t pass the exam last year )

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          5.

Rumus :         type 1 = IF + PRESENT,  S + WILL + V1

                          Type 2 = IF + PAST,   S + WOULD + V1

                          Type 3 = IF + PAST  PERFECT( HAD dan V3) , S + WOULD HAVE +V3

KESIMPULAN :
 1. Kalau sebelah kiri koma present , maka seelah kanan koma juga harus menggunakan verb              present.

 2. Kalau sebelah kiri koma past  , maka seelah kanan koma juga harus menggunakan verb                    past .

 3. Kalau sebelah kiri koma perfect , maka seelah kanan koma juga harus menggunakan verb              perfect.

26.PEKERJAAN SESEORANG (PROFESSION/JOBS)

ASKING                                                                                                RESPONSES

What does your father do?                                         He works in the bank as a customer service officer.

Can you tell me what is a policeman duties?        He catches the criminals and arrange the traffic too.

What is a pilot duty?                                                       Well, he flies as well as controls the plane .

Would you tell me your job experience?                               I have been 3 years as a salesperson and one year as a shopkeeper.

What is your educational background?                   I graduated fron SMK  of Culinary department.

25. WH – QUESTIONS

Adalah pertanyaan yg jawabannya bukan YES/NO, tp perlu penjelasan.

Ada 9 WH yaitu: what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why, dan how

Pola :  S + VERB + O?

Contoh : What time is the seminar?                         It starts at 9 a.m

                When was he born?                                       He was born in 1998

                Where is your address?                                                I live at jalan Gunung Agung no. 34

                Which is your bag?                                          My bag in the blue one.

                Who closed the door?                                   Ina did

                Whose pen is this?                                          It is Ryan’s

                Why do you look so sad?                              Because I have a bad score.

                How much is this book?                                                It is Rp. 60.000

                How did you pay the electricity bill?         I paid on cash.

24.PENOLAKAN ( REFUSING)

                                MENAWARKAN:                                                                               MENOLAK:

-          Come on, Rina. I will give you a ride on my bike          * No, thanks. I’m going to the course first. May be next time.

-          Lila, please accept this gift                                                    *I really appreciate it. But I really can’t take it.I’m sorry

-          Would you like to use my jacket?                                      * I’m sorry. I haven’t needed it yet.

-          May I help you?                                                                        * Some other time, Okay?

-          Please, take my money and food.                                    * I’m sorry. I can’t accept it.

23. PERATURAN (OBLIGATION) menggunakan modals: must, have to, ouhgt to + VERB 1

*MUST = artinya HARUS , utk menegaskan suatu peraturan yg mutlak dipatuhi, jika dilanggar ada sanksinya

        Contoh: You MUST wear uniform to school.

                        You MUST use helmet when riding motorcycle.

*HAVE TO atau OUGHT TO = artinya harus, namun tidak menimbulkan sanksi tegas

        Contoh: I’m sorry I have to pick my mother at the mall.

                        Excuse me we ought to be on time to the meeting.

22.PERBANDINGAN BENDA ( COMPARISON)

a. UNTUK PERBANDINGAN SETARA(POSITIF) :  RUMUS NYA =   

.......as + Kata sifat + as....                                                                                                                              .......the same + kata benda + as...                                                                                                                              ........the same as.........

                Contoh nya:       your hair is as long as my hair.

                                                That house is the same colour as the school.

                                                Her beauty is the same as nina’s.

b. UNTUK PERBANDINGAN YANG LEBIH : RUMUS NYA =       

         satu suku kata + ER + THAN (COMPARATIF )                                                                                Tiga suku kata atau lebih harus didahului MORE.....THAN

                Contoh nya:       Gugun is smarter than Bolot.

                                                Wina is more beautiful than Anika.

c. UNTUK PERBANDINGAN YANG PALING  (SUPERLATIF) :    

          

 satu suku kata = THE  + ...EST                                                                                                                                   tiga suku kata atau lebih didahului THE MOST....

                contohnya:         Hendra is the tallest boy in the class.

                                                Joko is the most powerful man among all.                                                                           

CATATAN: PENGECUALIAN UNTUK KATA SIFAT BERIKUT:

                                Good/ well         = better                               = best

                                Bad                        = worse                                = worst

                                Far                          = farther              = farthest

                                Little                      = less                     = least

                                Much/many       = more                 = most

21. CONTOH PENGUMUMAN atau IKLAN atau BROSUR SUATU PRODUK

Good morning all citizen. This is the regent speaking. Our city will hold a fund raising on Monday. It is intended to help victims of the landslide which happened yesterday. Everyone who is interested in this activity, please join us. You are also invited to donate your used clothes. If you have any questions , please contact Mr. Norman on 563 489 322 from 7 a.m to 3 p.m. Monday to Saturday. Thank you

20.PROSESDUR /PROCEDURE/ SOPatau PENGOPERASIAN SUATU ALAT (MANUAL) atau berupa TIPS.

.PROSESDUR /PROCEDURE atau PENGOPERASIAN SUATU ALAT (MANUAL)
merupakan petunjuk poenggunaan alat. Bila ketentuan itu dalam seuatu oeraturan penggunan sering disebut dengan SOP (Standart Operating Procedure).
Untuk menyusun sebuah SOP/ prosedur biasanya diawali dengan first dan diakhiri dengan finally.
Rangkaian tersebut dapat dikatakan merupakan sebuah proses . Contohnya sebagai berikut :

 PANTEX SUPERIOR PAINT is kind of economical paint for your walls and fences. It is very simple to use .

1.       First, remove as much as of the old paint as you can with paint remover or paint scraper.

2.       Then, rub the surface to be painted with a sand paper until it is smooth.

3.       Next, clean the piece of wall with a soft cloth until all the dust and dirt is removed.

4.       Finally, apply the first coat of PANTEX SUPERIOR PAINT . when it is dry, apply a second coat.

19.MASA LAMPAU ( PAST TENSE)

Pola kalimat yang berbentuk PAST merupakan kalimat yg digunakan utk menerangkan kegiatan yg berlangsung di waktu dulu/sudah terjadi.

RUMUSNYA:      S + V 2 + O                                           (+)

                                S + DID NOT + V 1 + O                     (-)

                                DID + S + V 1 + O ?                           (?)

Berikut adalah ungkapan-ungkapan  PAST TENSE:

*I was hungry.

*Ronald did not buy a bag, but some books.

*I forgot my cell phone.

*I had a letter from my father

* What time did you pick him?

* Where were you last night?

18. PERJANJIAN (MAKING ARRANGEMENT)

MEMBUAT JANJI:                                                                                            RESPONNYA:

      Can we meet at 7 o’clock tonight?                                                    * Okay

      What about on Monday?                                                                     * Sorry ,I’ll be busy that day. Can we make it another day?

      Can we make it at 10?                                                                            * I agree

      What if we do it after school?                                                             * we will be tired that time. What about this evening?

      Can I meet Mr. ARGO tomorrow?                                                    * I’m sorry , He is still out of town.

      Would you rescheduled our meeting, we cannot make it on Tuesday.            * Well, What about next Thursday?

17. PERIJINAN ( PERMISSION)

ASKING FOR PERMISSION:                                          RESPONSE:

* May I go out for a moment, sir? * Do you mind if I sit down here? * Could I borrow  your car? * Excuse me Ma’am, May I wash my hand? * Can I....? * Is it Okay if .....? * Would it be possible for me to... * Would you mind if....? * Are you allowed me to....? * May I please.....

ü Sure,of course. ü Not at all/ of course not ü Go ahead ü No, I wouldn’t mind -       I’m afraid not. -       I’m afraid  yes. -       I’m sorry, i’m using it soon. -       I’d prefer you are not to. -       I’d rather you didn’t. -       We don’t allow anyone to....

16. PEMBERITAHUAN KEADAAN SUATU BARANG (GIVING INFORMATION)

Expression	Response
Do you know about…?         Can you tell me about…?         I’d like to know about….?         Will you tell me about….?         Can anyone tell me about….?         Would you explain to me what is going on?	Ø Yes, just follow me Ø Sure, it is…… Ø Yes, I do know that.    ……… Ø Believe me, I know about… Ø Someone told me that……. Ø Ok. I will tell you.  …… Ø I guess I can explain it to you,.......