91. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

Synonyms and Antonyms

Synonym

A synonym is a word that means exactly the same as, or very nearly the same as, another word in the same language. For example, "close" is a synonym of "shut".

Note that a synonym may share an identical meaning with another word, but the two words are not necessarily interchangeable. For example, "blow up" and "explode" have the same meaning, but "blow up" is informal (used more in speech) and "explode" is more formal (used more in writing and careful speech).

Here are some more examples of synonyms:

synonyms			part of speech
close	shut		verb
blow up	explode		verb
blow up	inflate		verb
shallow	superficial		adjective
eager	earnest	keen	adjective
spontaneous	impromptu	unplanned	adjective

You can find synonyms in a synonym dictionary or thesaurus.

Antonym

An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word. For example "bad" is an antonym of "good". Here are some more examples:

prefix	antonyms		part of speech
	good	bad	adjective
	small	big	adjective
	easy	hard difficult	adjective
	soft	hard	adjective
	male	female	adjective noun
	up	down	preposition adverb
	go	come	verb
made by adding prefix un-	able	unable	adjective
	selfish	unselfish	adjective
	do	undo	verb
made by adding prefix in-	decent	indecent	adjective
	tolerant	intolerant	adjective
	human	inhuman	adjective
made by adding prefix non-	conformist	nonconformist	adjective noun
	essential	nonessential	adjective noun
	sense	nonsense	noun

You can find antonyms in an antonym dictionary.

90. SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

REGULAR NOUNS

Most singular nouns form the plural by adding -s.

EXAMPLES

Singular	Plural
boat	boats
house	houses
cat	cats
river	rivers

A singular noun ending in s, x, z, ch, sh makes the plural by adding-es.

EXAMPLES

Singular	Plural
bus	buses
wish	wishes
pitch	pitches
box	boxes

A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the y and adding-ies.

EXAMPLES

Singular	Plural
penny	pennies
spy	spies
baby	babies
city	cities
daisy	daisies

IRREGULAR NOUNS

There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common ones are listed below.

EXAMPLES

Singular	Plural
woman	women
man	men
child	children
tooth	teeth
foot	feet
person	people
leaf	leaves
mouse	mice
goose	geese
half	halves
knife	knives
wife	wives
life	lives
elf	elves
loaf	loaves
potato	potatoes
tomato	tomatoes
cactus	cacti
focus	foci
fungus	fungi
nucleus	nuclei
syllabus	syllabi/syllabuses
analysis	analyses
diagnosis	diagnoses
oasis	oases
thesis	theses
crisis	crises
phenomenon	phenomena
criterion	criteria
datum	data

Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.

EXAMPLES

Singular	Plural
sheep	sheep
fish	fish
deer	deer
species	species
aircraft	aircraft

IRREGULAR VERB/NOUN AGREEMENT

Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb.

Plural nouns used with a singular verb	Sentence
news	The news is at 6.30 p.m.
athletics	Athletics is good for young people.
linguistics	Linguistics is the study of language.
darts	Darts is a popular game in England.
billiards	Billiards is played all over the world.

Some nouns have a fixed plural form and take a plural verb. They are not used in the singular, or they have a different meaning in the singular. Nouns like this include: trousers, jeans, glasses, savings, thanks, steps, stairs, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits

Plural noun with plural verb	Sentence
trousers	My trousers are too tight.
jeans	Her jeans are black.
glasses	Those glasses are his.

THE DAY AND DATES

THE DAYS OF THE WEEK:-
The working week The weekend
  Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
(the Sabbath)
  Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

Watch and listen to this video (requires access to YouTube.)

THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR:-
  January
February
March
April
May
June

  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
  July
August
September
October
November
December

  Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Now you have a go:-
DATES:-
In figures In words Pronounce It
1st the first 1st

2nd the second 2nd

3rd the third 3rd

4th the fourth 4th

5th the fifth 5th

6th the sixth 6th

7th the seventh 7th

8th the eighth 8th

9th the ninth 9th

10th the tenth 10th

11th the eleventh 11th

12th the twelfth 12th

13th the thirteenth 13th

14th the fourteenth 14th

15th the fifteenth 15th

16th the sixteenth 16th

17th the seventeenth 17th

18th the eighteenth 18th

19th the nineteenth 19th

20th the twentieth 20th

21st the twenty-first ...
22nd the twenty-second ...
23rd the twenty-third ...
24th the twenty-fourth ...
25th the twenty-fifth ...
26th the twenty-sixth ...
27th the twenty-seventh ...
28th the twenty-eighth ...
29th the twenty-ninth ...
30th the thirtieth 30th

31st the thirty-first ...

Expressing the year
 How we write the year 2008 1900 1959 2000
 How we say
the year Two thousand and eight
Nineteen hundred
Nineteen fifty-nine
The year 2000


Expressing the date
 How we write the date 1st January 2004 07/09/1959 August 12 2003
 How we say
the date The first of January 2004
The seventh of September 1959
August the 12th 2003


Prepositions
For single days and dates we use on.
For example:
I was born on the 7th of the month.
For months we use in.
For example:
I was born in September.
! My birthday is on September the 7th.

SHAPE/BENTUK

Some simple shapes can be put into broad categories. For instance, polygons are classified according to their number of edges as triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, etc. Each of these is divided into smaller categories; triangles can be equilateral, isosceles, obtuse, acute, scalene, etc. while quadrilaterals can be rectangles, rhombi, trapezoids, squares, etc.

Other common shapes are points, lines, planes, and conic sections such as ellipses, circles, and parabolas.

Among the most common 3-dimensional shapes are polyhedra, which are shapes with flat faces; ellipsoids, which are egg-shaped or sphere-shaped objects; cylinders; and cones.

If an object falls into one of these categories exactly or even approximately, we can use it to describe the shape of the object. Thus, we say that the shape of a manhole cover is a disk, because it is approximately the same geometric object as an actual geometric disk.

TERJEMAHAN :

Beberapa bentuk sederhana dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kategori. Misalnya, poligon diklasifikasikan menurut jumlah yang dari tepi segitiga, segiempat, segilima, dll Masing-masing dibagi menjadi kategori yang lebih kecil; segitiga sama sisi dapat, sama kaki, tumpul, akut, sisi tak sama panjang, dll sementara segiempat bisa persegi panjang, rhombi, trapesium, kotak, dll

bentuk umum lainnya adalah titik, garis, bidang, dan bagian kerucut seperti elips, lingkaran, dan parabola.

Di antara bentuk 3 dimensi yang paling umum adalah polyhedra, yang bentuk dengan wajah datar; ellipsoids, yang berbentuk telur atau benda berbentuk bola; silinder; dan kerucut.

Jika ada benda jatuh ke salah satu kategori ini persis atau bahkan kurang, kita dapat menggunakannya untuk menggambarkan bentuk objek. Dengan demikian, kita katakan bahwa bentuk penutup lubang adalah disk, karena itu adalah sekitar objek geometris yang sama sebagai geometris disk yang sebenarnya.

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86 QUESTION WITH TO BE , TO DO DAN TO HAVE

Ada kalimat yang menggunakan kata tanya (questin word) seperti what where, who, when, why, whose, whome dan sebagainya. Ada pula pertanyaan dengan menggunakan awalan to be ( is, am, are, was were) to do (do, did ) atau to have (have , had).
 Ketentuannya adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Untuk pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya  (question word) maka dijawab sesuai dengan kondisi nya. Contoh What are you ?  I am a teacher
 2. Untuk pertanyaan menggunakan tobe. to do dan to have ( biasa disebut ye or no question ) maka dijawab dengan yes atau no diikuti dengan kata tanyanya . Contoh : Do you have a car ? Yes I do atau No I don't.